Definition and Examples of Epizeuxis in Rhetoric

Epizeuxis is a rhetorical term for the repetition of a word or phrase for emphasis, usually with no words in between. It is pronounced ep-uh-ZOOX-sis. It is also known as: cuckowspell, doublet, geminatio, underlay, and palilogia. In ​The Garden of Eloquence (1593), Henry Peacham defines epizeuxis as: A figure whereby a word is repeated, for the greater vehemence, and nothing put between: and it is used commonly with a swift pronunciation... This figure may serve aptly to expresse the  vehemence of any affection, whether it be of joy, sorrow, love, hatred, admiration or any such like. Examples ofEpizeuxis Mr. McCrindle had a sloping field. A sloping field! As if a farmer didnt have enough to worry about! (Magnus Mills, The Restraint of Beasts. Flamingo, 1998)Waitress: Shut up! Shut up! Shut up! Bloody vikings. You cant have egg, bacon, Spam and sausage without the Spam.Mrs. Bun: I dont like Spam!Mr. Bun: Shh dear, dont cause a fuss. Ill have your Spam. I love it. Im having Spam, Spam, Spam, Spam, Spam, Spam, Spam, baked beans, Spam, Spam, Spam, and Spam. (Monty Python, the Spam sketch)I undid the lantern cautiously--oh, so cautiously--cautiously. (Edgar Allan Poe, The Tell-Tale Heart, 1843)I love scotch. Scotchy, scotch, scotch. Here it goes down, down into my belly. (Will Ferrell in Anchorman, 2004)Theres little in taking or giving,Theres little in water or wine;This living, this living, this livingWas never a project of mine.(Dorothy Parker, Coda)Bad, fast! Fast! Fast! Last night I cut the light off in my bedroom, hit the switch and was in the bed before the room was dark. (Muhammad Ali, When We Were Kings, 1996)And my poor fool is hanged! No, no, no life!Why should a dog, a horse, a rat have life,And thou no breath at all? Thoult come no more,Never, never, never, never!(William Shakespeare, King Lear)Phil Spector tamps his frontal lobes and closes his eyes and holds his breath. As long as he holds his breath, it will not rain, there will be no raindrops, no schizoid water wobbling, sideways, straight back, it will be an even, even, even, even, even, even, even world. (Tom Wolfe, The First Tycoon of Teen. The Kandy-Kolored Tangerine-Flake Streamline Baby, 1965)Its a twister! Its a twister! (Zeke in The Wizard of Oz, 1939)Strong men also cry. Strong men also cry. (The Big Lebowski in The Big Lebowski, 1998)Give me a break! Give me a break! Break me off a piece of that Kit Kat bar! (advertising jingle)Im shocked, shocked to find that gambling is going on in here! (Captain Renault in Casablanca, 1942)All you hear from guys is desire, desire, desire, knocking its way out of the breast, and fear, striking and striking. Enough already! (Saul Bellow, Henderson the Rain King. Viking, 1959)For a nation which has an almost evil reputation for bustle, bustle, bustle, and rush, rush, rush, we spend an enormous amount of time standing around in line in front of windows, just waiting. (Robert Benchley, Back in Line. Benchley--or Else! 1947)Frank: Where’s the island? Where’s the island? Where the hell’s the island?Hurley: It’s gone.(â€Å"There’s No Place Like Home.† Lost, 2008)Oh you need fluff, fluff, fluffTo make a fluffer nutter,Marshmallow fluff and lots of peanut butter.First you spread, spread, spreadYour bread with peanut butter,Add marshmallow fluff and have a fluffernutter.(advertising jingle)All around me are familiar facesWorn out places, worn out facesBright and early for their daily racesGoing nowhere, going nowhere.(Tears for Fears, Mad World)

Essay on Upton Sinclairs The Jungle - 1121 Words

Upton Sinclairs The Jungle Jurgis Rudkus and Ona Lukoszaite open the novel of The Jungle with a celebration of their wedding. The opening of the book highlights the best time that Jurgis and Ona will ever again experience during their stay in America. Jurgis is convinced that he can accomplish the American Dream, gaining prosperity from hard work and dedication. However, as the novel progresses, we soon see that this dream that Jurgis had is much farther away than he anticipated, and prosperity seems untouchable unless one gives up their morals and values and joins the capitalistic America. In this novel we see Jurgis start with a dream and end with a dream, however much is lost in the process. Jurgis and Ona deicide to move to†¦show more content†¦His job entails sweeping the entrails of slaughtered cattle through trap doors. At first Jurgis enjoys his job despite the unsanitary working conditions, long hours, and intense manual labor. The family seems content at firs t, however the longer they are in America the more they begin to learn about the true way of survival in Packingtown. Immigrant workers come and go, if someone gets hurt or dies on the job they are immediately replaced with another immigrant. Wage laborers are cut short of pay and can do nothing about it, spoiled meat and leftovers from several slaughtered animals are canned and shipped for consumption, and moving up in the work force seems all but possible. Sinclair is trying to allow the reader to see the truth behind the supposed wonderful place of America. The cheap labor forced upon immigrants, the extremely unsanitary working conditions and food distribution and the harsh reality of social Darwinism. Jurgis family continues to suffer despite the fact that they have purchased a house. However this is just another con of a sleazy person trying to make a living. The house is cheap and poorly built and is actually being rented until all of it is paid for, allowing the tenan t to evict the family for just one late payment. Jurgis, still clinging to the thought of the American Dream, takes a hard hit when he learns that his wife has been forced to prostitution by herShow MoreRelated Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle Essay617 Words   |  3 PagesUpton Sinclair’s The Jungle   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many immigrants are moving to the United States in the early 1900’s with the hopes of living the â€Å"American Dream.† However, that glittering American lifestyle is merely a distant ideal for the immigrants living in Packingtown, the Lithuanian meatpacking district of Chicago. Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle portrays life through the eyes of a poor workingman struggling to survive in this cruel environment, where the desire for profit among the capitalist meatpackingRead MoreThe American Dream In Upton Sinclairs The Jungle765 Words   |  4 Pagesare left to abandoned their families because they are not able support them financially. One textual example that portrays this struggle is Upton Sinclair’s novel, â€Å"The Jungle†. The Jungle provides the reader with insight of how the businesses took control of the average workers life, and the working conditions were horrible while the wages were low. The Jungle begins with a story of a group of Lithuanian immigrants who move to America leaving behind their loved ones in hopes of better life in AmericaRead MoreThe American Dream In The Jungle By Upton Sinclairs The Jungle756 Words   |  4 Pageshard work and determination. This popular idea is what made America so appealing to foreigners, and immigrants alike. Which is why so many immigrants moved to America; to achieve their version of the â€Å"American Dream†. However, from reading, The Jungle by Upton Sinclair, this was not the case. Many immigrants that moved to America wishing to fulfill the â€Å"American Dream† of happiness and prosperity in the early 1900s, came to the realization that the â€Å"American Dream† was indeed nothing more than an ideaRead MoreIs Upton Sinclairs The Jungle a Primary Source?837 Words   |  3 Pages The Jungle written by Upton Sinclair shows a vivid description of life and the living condition in the meat and other industry around Chicago. The Jungle is full of examples of historical content about profit, corruption, and condition making it a good primary source. To determine whether a book is a primary source or a secondary source, a person needs to know what a primary and secondary source is. First, a primary source, define by Princeton, â€Å"is a document or physical object which was writtenRead MoreSocialism And Capitalism In Upton Sinclairs The Jungle1003 Words   |  5 PagesUpton SInclair’s novel, The Jungle, is a novel based on the â€Å"Gilded Age† in american history. It is the life of a working man named Jurgis Rudkus and as the story progresses, it shows the corruption and dishonesty of the people during this time period, as well as their reasoning behind their actions. Also as the novel continued, it showed the authors inspiration for the title of this novel. Throughout the book, Upton Sinclair had scattered metaphors as to why Capitalism is corrupt and why SocialismRead MoreCommentary on Capitalism in Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle544 Words   |  2 PagesUpton Sinclair’s â€Å"The Jungle† is a gritty peer into the hopelessly empty heart of capitalism and the true dark nature of the consumer life style. The gruesome food facts and quality issues may have gotten most of the public’s attention but the stories heart is in the exposed untold truths about life in America and the plan evil nature of capitalism. Despite Mr. Sinclair’s efforts most of capitalisms short falls still exist and are more detrimental to the survival of the world and humane race thenRead MoreSocialism And Capitalism In Upton Sinclairs The Jungle876 Words   |  4 Pages Capitalism can become corrupt. This is exactly what Upton Sinclair is trying to argue in his novel, The Jungle. Sinclair makes a strong case for Socialism, describing why capitalism is bound to fail. Instead of having the desired effect of making the world aware of Socialism, his tactics of muckraking and yellow journalism to expose the conditions in the meatpacking facilities took the world by storm. Sinclairâ₠¬â„¢s vivid depictions of life in the Chicago stockyard changed the world in 1906, butRead More Upton Sinclairs Purpose in Writing The Jungle Essay1141 Words   |  5 PagesUpton Sinclairs Purpose in Writing The Jungle Upton Sinclair wrote this book for a couple of reasons. First and foremost, he tries to awaken the reader to the terrible living conditions of immigrants in the cities around the turn of the century. Chicago has the most potent examples of these conditions. Secondly, he attempts to show the advantages of socialism in helping to remedy the problems of a society such as the one that exists in Chicago at this time. Sinclair accomplishesRead MoreThe Negative Effects Of The Family In Upton Sinclairs The Jungle?961 Words   |  4 Pages1900s there were already more than 10 million immigrants living in America. Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle reveals the struggles and hardships of a family that immigrates to the United States from Lithuania during the 1900s. Although many immigrant families came to America in search of a better life, soon most found themselves barely surviving with no job, food, shelter, or money. As is the case of the family in The Jungle. The novel not only unveils the corruption of the political and economic systemRead MoreClose to the Edge: Analysis of Upton Sinclairs The Jungle1534 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Close To The Edge The title of Upton Sinclairs genre defining novel regarding the ills of immigration to the United States and the meat packing industry in the early 20th century, The Jungle, is anything but euphemistic. In the Chicago streets and suburbs that Sinclair depicts, there are a variety of predators (such as that exist in virtually any jungle). There are corrupt justice systems that prey on victims, corrupt employers that wantonly exploit their laborers (and even sexually assault them)

Understanding Voice over Internet Protocol

Question: Discuss the understanding of voice over internet protocol? Answer: Voice over Internet Protocol is the unique form of communication that enables to make calls using an internet connection. This form of communication replaces the conventional analog telephone calling. If the VoIP is interconnected then one can receive and make calls through the traditional phone lines just for a nominal service fee. The VoIP has become popular because of lower price of internet connections and the swift operation of the internet that makes VoIP calls smooth. VoIP is also facing challenges which are typical to the users of internet. The VoIP can be configured if it had the following factors. VoIP must be connected to cable or DSL modems. The VoIP requires an USB adapter to connect to traditional phones. There are also many software applications like the softphones which establishes phone call directly from the phone. The VoIP features as a usual cordless telephone. The requirements of VoIP are simple and easy to access almost by everyone. It requires an internet connection to connect to calls. But if there is power outage then the VoIP cannot be operated because it relies on power. The swift functioning of the VoIP requires high speed internet connection. The 911 service cannot be guaranteed by the VoIP setup. (Bodhani, 2011) There are a lot of risks and threats associated with the VoIP. One of the famous problems associated with internet is spam. The usage of VoIP increases the availability of spam over the internet telephony. Spoofing and the guarantee towards confidential information are also the drawbacks of the VoIP. (DESANTIS, 2015) References Bodhani, A. (2011). VOIP - voicing concerns.Engineering Technology, 6(7), pp.76-79. DESANTIS, M. (2015).Understanding Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP). 1st ed. [ebook] US-CERT. Available at: https://www.us-cert.gov/sites/default/files/publications/understanding_voip.pdf [Accessed 20 Mar. 2015].

The Lady Of Shalott and Morte d Arthur by Lord Tennyson Essay Example

The Lady Of Shalott and Morte d Arthur by Lord Tennyson Paper In both poems Tennyson uses a number of different devices to portray a strong atmosphere-landscape, loneliness, pathos and colour are all used. As both poems end in tragedy pathos appears very prominently to create atmosphere. Mystery, weather and sounds all contribute to providing The Lady of Shalott and Morte d Arthur with the atmosphere appropriate to each poem. Landscape is used in each poem to create a different atmosphere and effect. In The Lady of Shalott landscape is used to enhance the atmosphere by reflecting the mood of The Lady Of Shalott in the landscape. She starts the poem contented with her life. Long fields of barley and rye This line shows the pleasant world outside, the carefree atmosphere with the fertile land. The poem starts out not indicating that it will have a tragic ending. However the mood of the poem changes when the curse comes upon The Lady of Shalott. We will write a custom essay sample on The Lady Of Shalott and Morte d Arthur by Lord Tennyson specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Lady Of Shalott and Morte d Arthur by Lord Tennyson specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Lady Of Shalott and Morte d Arthur by Lord Tennyson specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Pale yellow woods were waning This line shows the change between the bright pleasant landscapes before the curse, to the now mournful dark landscape appropriate to the death of The Lady of Shalott. Once again her sad mood is reflected in the landscape. This compares to the landscape in Morte d Arthur where the landscape is very painful and harsh, Dark strait of barren land This line contrasts with the fertile land in The Lady of Shalott, which makes the atmosphere in Morte d Arthur very sad and desolate. Unlike The Lady of Shalott, Morte d Arthur indicates straightaway that this a tragic story. The landscape is very threatening so the reader can picture what is happening in the story. The cruel and harsh atmosphere is therefore increased, as the story seems more vivid When Sir Bedivere goes to dispose of the sword the description of the landscape shows the journey from where King Arthur lay to the lake. By zig-zag paths and juts of pointed rock, This helps the atmosphere by creating a treacherous landscape. In Morte d Arthur the descriptions of the landscape throughout the poem are all very harsh, even when King Arthur dies. However in The Lady of Shalott the description of the landscape changes to keep changes in the mood. Colour is also used in both poems to evoke atmosphere. In The Lady of Shalott colour supports the landscape in providing appropriate atmosphere. Four grey walls and four grey towers Where the grey helps us to imagine the dull life that the Lady of Shalott lives compared to the world outside. That sparkled on the yellow field, Enhances the landscape giving the outside world an atmosphere of beauty and serenity. This is the view that the Lady of Shalott sees when she looks out of the window. The reader can picture what Sir Lancelot looked like and what encouraged her to look out of the window therefore bringing the curse upon herself. The use of colour gives the beginning of the poem the bright atmosphere needed. Then when she dies Tennyson uses colour to provide the dark mournful atmosphere required. Lying, robed in snowy white This is an example of how the colour changes from the bright colours before the curse to the now mournful haunting images. In Morte d Arthur Tennyson uses colour when describing the sword Excalibur. Myriads of topaz-lights, and jacinth work of subtlest jewellery The reader can imagine what the sword looked like and what Sir Bedivere would have to throw away. The colours help to build up the picture, which helps the atmosphere become more charged. The reader can see what Sir Bedivere was throwing away and why he was so against doing so. When the King dies like in The Lady of Shalott colour is used to provide a dark mournful atmosphere. It is also used to describe what both people looked like when they died. His face was white and colourless Sound is used to evoke atmosphere in both poems. In The Lady of Shalott sound is used to show along with colour the cheerful atmosphere outside on the way to Camelot. And music went to Camelot In Morte d Arthur however sound is used to provide the poem with the haunting chilling atmosphere that it needs. The sea sang shrill, chill with flakes of foam This line gives us an idea of the coldness of the atmosphere. Sound also helps us to imagine Kind Arthur dying. King Arthur panted hard From examples like this we get an idea of the kings condition therefore giving a sad atmosphere to the poem. Weather also evokes the atmosphere in both poems. In The Lady of Shalott the weather at the beginning of the poem is reflected by the mood of the Lady of Shalott. All in the blue unclouded weather Once again this example shows how pleasant the outside world is and giving it the cheerful atmosphere. However later on in the poem when the mood changes when the curse comes so does the weather. In the stormy east wind straining, This example shows that when the Lady of Shalott dies and the mood changes so does the weather. The atmosphere becomes a lot rougher and the reader can imagine the wind blowing very hard. This is a contrast to the pleasant weather at the beginning of the poem, The sun came dazzling through the leaves In Morte d Arthur the weather also reflects the mood, so the weather all the way through is very wild and cold. Like a wind, that shrills This example shows that the weather is in tune with the mood of the characters and helps create the atmosphere. This weather then contrasts with the end of the poem when King Arthur is taken away to what we are encouraged to believe is heaven. Where falls not hail, or rain, or any snow, Nor ever wind blows loudly This is a real contrast to the atmosphere at the beginning of the poem, The mood is now more calm but still sad. In both poems Tennyson uses isolation very effectively to help create atmosphere. In The Lady of Shalott the basis of the poem is that she is isolated in the tower and is only reunited with people when she is dead. Round an island there below, the island of Shalott This example shows how isolated she is from Camelot and the cheerful atmosphere, even though she seems contented. When she dies Tennyson uses isolation to show that she died alone. Singing in her song she died This adds atmosphere as the reader feels pity for her. In Morte d Arthur isolation is used also. The king is left alone in the world to die, although he has Sir Bedivere even he is not doing what the king wishes. For thou, the latest left of all my knights, In whom should meet the offices of all, Thou wouldst betray me for the precious hilt; The reader can see how alone the king is when he dies. Therefore, providing the poem with an atmosphere that is desolate and lonely. This is very much like the Lady of Shalott who is also alone when she died. Pathos is used a lot in each poem as each has a tragic ending. In The Lady of Shalott, pathos is used more when she dies at the end of the poem. As to start with she seems content with her life. When she dies, pathos is used when the curse came upon her. And at the closing of the day She loosed the chain and down she lay; The broad stream bore her far away. This provides a pitiful atmosphere as we see her die. The poem becomes very sad. Tennyson describes her dying in much detail. This contributes to the sad atmosphere. Till her blood was frozen slowly, And her eyes were darkened wholly, This is an example of Tennyson using pathos. Also, when her body is found, pathos is used. Sir Lancelot says She has a lovely face; God in his mercy lend her grace, The Lady of Shalott. Pathos is felt for The Lady of Shalott especially as, ironically, Sir Lancelot he does not realise that he has caused her death. This adds to the atmosphere of pathos as the story is very sad but this is all Sir Lancelot can say. In Morte d Arthur, pathos is also used, as this is the end of the Christian Britain that was Arthur and the Knights. Of Camelot, as in the days that were. I perish by this people which I made, His own people have turned against him. Pathos is also used when Sir Bedivere disobeys Arthur as the reader feels for Arthur. Arthur used to be powerful and in control, he had respect from everybody but now he has none. Authority forgets a dying King This line concludes what is happening to king Arthur, he has lost all authority and the England that was is now no more. So like a shatterd column lay the King; This line sums up what King Arthur has become, the atmosphere therefore becomes very sad and full of pathos. The atmosphere all the way throughout Morte d Arthur is very sad and full of pathos. This atmosphere is appropriate to King Arthur dying. However the atmosphere in The Lady of Shalott starts with a happy atmosphere as the lady of Shalott is content with her life. When the curse comes upon her the atmosphere changes and becomes more like Morte d Arthur. Throughout the poem the atmosphere is reflected in the mood of the characters.

Strategically Managing PPC Campaigns in Adwords [PODCAST]

Strategically Managing PPC Campaigns in Adwords [PODCAST] When your potential customers are looking for your product or service, how do you think they find it? Right, they usually start with Google. In order for them to find you, you need to show up in those search results. Have you wondered how to do that? Today, we’re talking to ’s own Rachel Wiinanen, our inbound marketer. She works a lot with AdWords, creating ads that will lead to click-throughs and lead to conversion. Today she’s going to tell us all about targeting the right keywords, writing engaging messaging, and optimizing your landing pages. She’ll also talk to us about what metrics to measure and share her thoughts on budgeting and goal-setting. You won’t want to miss this episode! Some of the highlights of the show include: Rachel’s job description and mission at . Rachel’s strategy for attracting the right audience through AdWords. Thoughts on writing great ad copy that gets clicks, as well as why testing is so important. How Rachel works with landing pages to boost the conversion rate. What Rachel measures when analyzing campaigns: trial acquisition cost, click-through rate, and more. She also talks about how she monitors various metrics. How to determine a budget when it comes to ads. Rachel’s best advice for someone who is new to AdWords and is just getting started. Quotes by Rachel: â€Å"Nothing is perfect, just test away. Test, test, test. There have been tons of times where I didn’t think an ad would perform very well and then outperforms other comparable ads by double.† â€Å"Things are always going to change. You’re always going to want to get more specific, more focused, more precise.† â€Å"My best advice for someone who’s new to AdWords would be don’t be afraid to test new things.†

Bouncebackability

Bouncebackability Bouncebackability Bouncebackability By Maeve Maddox Reader Graham Broadley is apparently scratching his head over a word thats recently been admitted to the pages of the venerable OED: I was watching the French Open tennis tournament the other day and heard the commentator say the word bounce-back-ability had made it into the OED this year. Can you confirm this is true? And if it is how an earth does such a word gain acceptability into a dictionary? Its not as if  its  widely in  use. Id never heard the word before, but Im not a sports fan. The word is out there a Google search turned up 26,900 hitsbut Im as speechless as Graham to know that bouncebackability is in the OED. Heres the entry: bouncebackability, n. chiefly sport: The capacity to recover quickly or fully from a setback, bad situation, etc. [1961 Times Recorder (Zanesville, Ohio) 18 Apr. 2B/1 The Tribe demonstrated its bounce-back ability in a three-game series with Washington, taking the set 2-1.] 1972 Manitowoc (Wisconsin) Herald-Times 25 May M3/2 The ‘bounce-back-ability’ is a valuable asset to the manager. 1991 Economist 5 Oct. 20/2 New York will again demonstrate its bouncebackability. 2005 Daily Record (Glasgow) (Nexis) 13 Apr. 3 We then showed some true bouncebackability when we equalised with a fine header from Christie. Curiously enough, although the word has been in use in the U.S. since 1961, Merriam-Webster has so far not added it to that extremely tolerant American dictionary. (I subscribe to the online unabridged edition and its not in there.) This from the MacMillan English Dictionary: In 2004, a phrasal verb has made its mark on the language again, though not by being intrinsically ‘new’, but by spawning a ‘new’ noun. The established intransitive phrasal verb bounce back, meaning ‘to become successful again after something bad has happened’ has formed the basis of a new derivative bouncebackability, an uncountable noun which apparently fills a gap in the language for describing a person’s ability to succeed again after a period of being unsuccessful. I guess bouncebackability is what Bill Clinton, the Comeback Kid, had in 1992 but there wasnt a word for it yet. And of course, Joe Montana had it way before that. I wonder why nobody thought to coin comebackability. I guess one answer to Grahams question could be that even an odd word can gain entry to a dictionary when its perceived by the lexicographer in charge as describing a concept for which no other suitable word exists. Can anyone suggest an already existing word that describes the concept of bouncebackability? Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Writing a Reference Letter (With Examples)The Writing ProcessPresent Participle as Adjective

Authoritarian Approach to Management Assignment

Authoritarian Approach to Management - Assignment Example The researcher states that the authoritarian approach to management builds high walls between management and employees which impedes development for the department. The old adage "two heads are better than one" certainly applies to such a management problem. It is necessary that management realizes the contributions of employees to the success of operations and their ideas or thoughts or opinions must not go unheard because suggestions coming from the men themselves doing the job are the most realistic ideas to be considered. Apart from the fact that an authoritarian management approach problematically impedes development, such a problem also raise the issue of growth on the part of the employees. Employment should contribute to the growth and maturity of an individual. However, when a problematic authoritarian management approach is used, employee development is difficult to achieve. When employee development is not promoted in a particular working environment, therefore there is no room for competitiveness. Such is an injustice towards employees and affects the total impression about the country's workers. When companies and/or government agencies/departments refuse to foster competitiveness towards its employees, the country will face problems in the fast pace of globalization. The alternative that exists to resolve the problem is to provide management training for directors and management teams to provide a wider perspective on management. Training for high ranking officials are quite unpopular however, it must be realized that management people are in most need for training to acknowledge a viewpoint outside of their own, to introduce a new practice to create a better environment, adopt an approach shared by other management trainees which have been a proven successful approach. All these and more are learned in training. Thus, with an authoritarian approach, training as an alternative to resolve the problem may open opportunities for change. Change that, will empower employees to open doors to success and develop competitiveness amongst employees. The likely consequence of the alternative which had been identified (training for high ranked officials/management) is adopting change as the training open doors of opportunities for fresh ideas, and leadership education. Chances for authoritarian management will open to change and accept suggestions, the language of "we" instead of "I". Training makes a difference to create a better and more accommodating environment due to the realization made by the officials and managers during the process of the training. The consequence to develop competitive employees, contributing to the growth and development of the department where they are assigned.

Chinas Economic Advantages Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Chinas Economic Advantages - Essay Example The Mongols promoted trade in China by offering security to caravan traders who were moving long distances for an exchange of goods and services. They guarded the path which cut from Asia to Russia hence ensuring the safety of caravans from robbers who instilled fear on the earlier traders. The Mongols were united under Yuan and were well organized both in war and in trade. Their emergence reshaped China, rising from a humble nation to one that caught the world’s attention with its commerce and highly advanced technology. Added to China’s advantage was the fact that it had a large population which provided labor and ready market for its produced goods. Its population offered a great advantage to traders who channeled their goods to China since there was a large market with willing buyers and willing sellers dealing in silk and other products. Slaves were in abundance for exchange. Another factor which boosted Chinese expansion of trade was the opening of the Silk Road. The Silk Road covered parts of the Middle East and extended to parts of Russia. The road was a convenient way through which traders could transport their goods to and from China to their destination. Another factor that made China thrive in trade is the kind of political peace it enjoyed under the Mongol’s Yuan dynasty. Being a dynasty with a strong political background, China enjoyed a peace and was free from external attack. The Mongols were an organized lot with a strong military base; a factor which had a direct impact on trade.... Added to China’s advantage was the fact that it had a large population which provided labor and ready market for its produced goods. Its population offered a great advantage to traders who channeled their goods to China since there was large market with willing buyers and willing sellers dealing in silk and other products. Slaves were in abundance for exchange. Another factor which boosted Chinese expansion of trade was the opening of the Silk Road. The Silk Road covered parts of the Middle East and extended to parts of Russia. The road was a convenient way through which traders could transport their goods to and from China to their destination. This was a boost to the growing influence of China as a hub of commerce in the world. Another factor that made China thrive in trade is the kind of political peace it enjoyed under the Mongol’s Yuan dynasty. Being a dynasty with strong political background, China enjoyed peace and was free from external attack. The Mongols were an organized lot with strong military base; a factor which had a direct impact on trade. China’s economic meltdown came as a result of a number of factors. It is important to look at such factors in relation to their effect not only in China but also in other countries that formed part of Eurasian trade. The most known cause for the decline in China’s economic strength is the emergence of the Black Death. It is believed that the plague commonly known as the Black Death began its spread from the Chinese Mongols, spreading all the way to other parts of Europe and many parts of the Middle East (Lin 19). The Black Death also known as the bubonic plague fuelled the collapse of Yuan dynasty. It is

Setting up a business - new business case study questions Essay Example for Free

Setting up a business new business case study questions Essay AO1: Knowledge AO2: Application and analysis: developing your explanation and using examples relevant to Josefs business. Explain two ways in which a bank can help a new business such as Josefs (4 marks) The first way in which a bank can help Josef is by giving him a loan of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½10,000 to help him to set up his business, there are many start up costs ie: equipment and computers that he will need to cover and it is important that he has enough money. Another way they can help is by offering advice; the bank can appoint a small business advisor as Josef is a young, inexperienced small business owner, they can help him with financial issues, keeping records and taxes. Would completing a business plan make sure that Josefs business was successful? Give reason for your answer. (9 marks) AO1: Kn. 1 mark AO2: App 2 marks (explain and developing your point, with examples relevant to Josefs business AO3 / AO4: Evaluation: Justify (give reasons) your ideas. Drawing up a business plan would certainly help Josefs business but it does not guarantee its success. It is important for Josef to put together a plan as it helps him realise everything that needs to be done, for example, all the different market research and promotions. He will also put together forecasts for cash flow and budgets and this will help him foresee any problems so therefore he can organise an overdraft for that time. The business plan will certainly help him obtain a loan which will allow him to invest the money into developing his service and keeping ahead of the competition this will help him be successful. On the other hand the business plan may not be accurate and could lead to bad decision making. The banks may not have faith in his business idea and may not lend him money, therefore not having cash in his business to cover all his start up costs. More importantly he may not run the business very well and this will lead to many problems further down the line. I think a business plan is very important to guide an entrepreneur but it must also be flexible and reviewed over time. Explain two reasons why someone might choose to buy a franchise from The Greenhouse (5 marks) AO1: Kn: state reasons AO2: Ap An give the benefits and provide a detailed explanation using examples from the case study As stated in the case study the Greenhouse restaurants are known for their quality food and quality service, the business is already a success and an entrepreneur maybe interested because they know the business will do well because of its excellent reputation, it is seen as less of a risk. Another benefit of owning the Greenhouse franchise is that an entrepreneur will receive training from the franchiser, much of the hard work is done in terms of marketing and design of the restaurants and menus etc this will save an entrepreneur a lot of cost and therefore allowing them to enjoy higher profit margins. Phil and Sandra are thinking of offering higher wages than those paid in other restaurants. Do you think that this is the best way to motivate staff? Give reasons for your answer. (9 marks) AO1: Kn. 1 mark AO2: App 2 marks (explain and developing your point, with examples relevant to the business) AO3 / AO4: Evaluation: 6 marks Justify (give reasons) your ideas. There are many ways in which Phil and Sandra can try to motivate their workforce to work harder. Offering higher wages is just one way and in many cases can be appropriate. Money is the main motivate for many people, especially those employed in the low wage catering industry and if wages increase your workers are less likely to leave and more likely to feel happier in the work place and work more productively. Some people view wages as an indication of their worth however many other people and theorists believe that other things are just as important, such as free health insurance, being recognised for hard work through rewards such as employee of the month and also given trust and extra responsibility. All of these are important in building confidence of your workforce and therefore an effective workforce. Although money is a motivator for some it could increase the costs of Phils and Sandras business and they maybe better off choosing other non-monetary methods to ensure they make as much profit as they can. Explain why batch production might be a better way for Connie to make cakes (5 marks) AO1: Kn: state reasons AO2: Ap An give the benefits and provide a detailed explanation using examples from the case study Connie makes different types of cakes, birthday, weddings and other occasions, if she bakes them in batches than it will be more efficient as it can save on costs ie: cooking fuel. It will also save a lot of time as baking one individual cake at a time would take much longer than if they were baked in batches. Being more efficient will save money and help connie make more profit.

Emily Dickinsons Works Essay -- Emily Dickinson Poet Essays

Emily Dickinson's Works There is a life in Emily Dickinson’s poems, readers have found. Although one may not completely understand her as a legend, a writer, or as a part of literature books, she is considered one of America’s greatest poets. While unknown answers may not be revealed about her, secrets may not be told, nor any new discoveries made, evidence from books and articles showing Emily Dickinson’s experiences and hardships exists. Critic Paul J. Ferlazzo describes her writings: â€Å"Many students and casual readers of her poetry have enjoyed hearing tales about her which remind them of storybook heroines locked in castles, of beautiful maidens cruelty relegated to a life of drudgery and obscurity, of genius so great that all the world’s suppression cannot deny its flowering.† 1 Many researchers ignore the bases of her writings, her life, and her dreams. Fascinated by many works examining the life and writings of Emily Dickinson, some may find that Dickinson’s trials at a young age are the basis of many assumptions today. The facts of her childhood and young adult life are few and simple,but the interpretations are many and complex. She was born in Amherst Massachusetts, a small farming town which had a college and a hat factory; she seldom left her home town. Even though she was claimed to be a high-spirited and active young woman, Dickinson began to withdraw from society in the 1850’s; virtually her only contact with her friends came to be made through letters. Wendy Martin, a critic of Emily Dickinson, discusses Dickinson’s choice of seclusion: â€Å"...as a young woman, Dickinson rejected these comforting traditions, [anxiety, helplessness, anger, confusion, desperation, fears, and frustrations] resisted ma... ... Endnotes 1) Ferlazzo, Paul J. Pg. 13 2) Martin, Wendy Pg. 79 3) Ferlazzo, Paul J. Pg. 19 4) Martin, Wendy Pg. 84 5) Keller, Karl Pg. 205 6) Martin, Wendy Pg. 86 7) Ferlazzo, Paul J. Pg. 32 8) Wells, Henry W. Pg. 257-258 9) Pollitt, Josephine E. Pg. 72 10) Ferlazzo, Paul J. Pg. 35 11) Faust, Langdon Lynne Pg. 164 12) Griffith, Clark Pg. 140 13) Cody, John Pg. 212 14) Ferlazzo, Paul J. Pg. 41 15) Higginson, Thomas Wentworth Pg. 444 16) The Readers Companion to American History Pg. 1 17) Cody, John Pg. 160 18) Lindburg- Seyersted, Brita Pg. 57 11) Faust, Langdon Lynne Pg. 164

Business Model and Strategic Plan Essay

Advance Idea Mechanics is the new military weapon division of The Renco Group Inc. It is a promising addition that is designed to take its parent company to brand new heights in prestige and financial stability. In previous drafts, we outlined what Advance Idea Mechanics could do for its shareholders, now it is time to analyze how it compares to the vision and the strategic goals of The Renco Group Inc. Balanced Scorecard and Communication Plan The balanced scorecard is a strategic planning and management system that is used significantly in business and industry, government, and nonprofit organizations worldwide to line up business activities to the vision and strategy of the organization, improve internal and external communications, and observe organization performance against strategic goals. It is â€Å"A set of four measures directly linked to a company’s growth† (Pearce & Robinson, 2009, p. 202). Here is a picture of how Advance Idea Mechanics matches up with The Renco Group Inc. vision and strategy. Financial Perspective – Shareholder’s Value The Balanced Scorecard or â€Å"dashboard† is a tool that gives managers and executives a â€Å"balanced† view of what the company is doing on the business side and how they are performing within the scope to the vision and strategy of the organization. The main responsibility of the company is to increase net revenue and achieve financial constancy while providing the best product and service at a reasonable price, on condition that customer satisfaction is met. To appraise the financial constancy of an organization, it is essential to compute the operating cost, growth income and return on interest and capital, and earnings per share. By utilizing efficient  processes we will be able to reduce expenses by lowering costs, improving on-stream time, and growing revenues. Advance Idea Mechanics new â€Å"state of the art† platform and processes will surely please The Remco Group Inc. as well as their shareholders of their financial viability. Customer Value Perspective If a business customer is satisfied, then a business knows that it is successful. Delivering uniformity in the price and superiority in your product helps to give the company an edge, over the competition, in the market, separating the company’s product by brand name or a particular image. This is how each company attracts the consumers, and builds hopefully, a long-term business relationship with the customer. Advance Idea Mechanics is doing that with the government by giving them the most advance products on the military stage. They not only sell a unique product, but they also provide a service, that no matter what their device encounters, Advance Idea Mechanics will provide a solution. Since our products will be in war torn areas it is important to know that safety of the people who use our product will be one of our main objectives. Advance Idea Mechanics wants to make sure that our clients leave their vehicles the same way they got in their vehicles. Advance Idea Mechanics will do on-going surveys to see what we can do to improve on the safety, care, comfort, and reliability of all the products we make. There will be a team operating twenty four hours a day to address any concerns that our clients might have. At Advance Idea Mechanics customer satisfaction is number one. Internal Business Process When it comes to customer satisfaction strategic planning is a must. It is used to raise customers and to present new products and to improving business capabilities. It is critical that we describe what our strategy is and use this to increase market share. By understanding our position, the company will be able to have the power it needs to evaluate its performance and line up with the vision and mission statement of the corporation. There will be internal audits of the goals and performance of the company, conducted daily, to monitor the balance scorecard to make any adjustments needed to have a flawless process, always keeping the concern of  the client at important. The Renco Group Inc. and its subsidiary, Advance Idea Mechanics, understand that the United States is a larger and powerful client and the earning potentials from this alliance can be huge. This is why it is important that we look at every metric to ensure that we are doing everything we can to satisfy the governme nt and stay loyal to our mission and vision. Learning and Growth Perspective The final piece of the Balance Scorecard is the learning and growth process. It is here that the vision aligns flawlessly with the company’s so that it can gain an aggressive upper hand and position in the marketplace. It focuses on the expansion and success of the business, and it focuses on the interior and exterior public, their thoughts and actions. The Renco Group Inc. and Advance Idea Mechanics use the Balance Scorecard as a tool to help the company to maintain its standing and also promote technological improvements. Advance Idea Mechanics will be a division that lives in the world of technological development and without it; it will be just another company. This is why one of the main changes that this perspective brings is an emphasis on employee training, to make ready for action employees, which will constantly improve their knowledge base and make them an effective part of our new vision. The second word in Advance Idea Mechanics is â€Å"idea† and we hope we can pull some of our inspiration from the people who work within the company. With a new division, fresh ideas, and a plan for internal employee training, The Remco Group Inc and Advance Idea Mechanics see no reason why we will not have great employee retention and a spirited workforce. Conclusion Advance Idea Mechanics is a new dream, but it is predicated on an idea that got its start from The Remco Group Inc. founding business. By using the Balance Scorecard and using the Communication Plan we know that we can implement strategic plan that will adhere to the principles outlined by the company’s vision and mission statements. It will take all four perspectives: Financial, Customer Perspective, Internal Business Process and Learning and Growth to move the company to the next level, but with monitoring and adjustments, shareholders will reap the benefits when the day is done. References Pearce II, J. A., & Robinson, R. B. (2009). Strategic Management: Formulation, Implementation and Control (11th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. The Renco Group Inc.. (2014). Retrieved from http://rencogroup.net/index.php

Protect Children on the Internet Essay

As technology and the internet continue to make advancements and are more commonly available to children in school classrooms and public libraries for educational purposes, the need to protect and monitor our children online has also advanced. Congress has continued to pass such laws as COPPA, CIPA, SOX, and FERPA as an attempt to filter obscene and violent content while protecting children’s personally identifiable information. The Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA) of 1998, 5 U.S.C. 6501-6505 imposes certain restrictions and requirements on operators of websites or any online services directed to children under 13 years old without the parents’ consent. The Children’s Internet Protection Act CIPA was enacted by congress in 2000 to formally address any concerns about children’s access to obscene or harmful content on the internet. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) was passed by Congress on July 30, 2002; it was designed to oversee the fina ncial reporting and auditing for financial professionals and pursues legislative auditing requirements to improve accuracy and reliability of corporate disclosures. Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974 (FERPA) is a federal law that is administered by the Family Policy Compliance Office in the US Department of Education and was designed to give parents certain rights with respect to children’s educational records. These rights transfer to the student when he or she reaches the age of 18 or attends a school beyond the high school level. As the need continues to grow for more protection of our children on the internet, the need for ongoing monitoring and auditing programs continues to grow with it. Content filtering and the protection of personally identifiable information of our children are only the first steps in protecting our children on the internet.

Whats Eating Gilbert Grape1 essays

Whats Eating Gilbert Grape1 essays Whats Eating Gilbert Grape portrays a family that is dealing with the trials, tribulations, and also great times of having a member with a disability. The Grape family consists of Gilbert, Ellen, Amy, Mama, and of course, Arnie. The Grape family lives in an isolated town of Endora in a house that seems to be in shambles since their father died. In the beginning, Gilberts voiceover states that living in Endora is like dancing to no music, which one can definitely relate to after viewing this touching film. Gilbert Grape is a young man that has been impeded by more burdens than any man ought to have in an entire lifetime. He stocks shelves and delivers groceries for a local store, Lamsons Grocery, whose business has been deserted by the new supermarket in town. The movie begins with the yearly ritual of Gilbert and Arnie watching the caravans that pass along the road. Gilberts adversity seems to have started when his father hung himself seventeen years ago in their basement, which in turn drove his mother to obesity and a life confined to only their home. His mother has become a burden on him and he feels ashamed and humiliated by her. Gilbert even regards to his mother as a beached whale, and at one point lifts a young boy to the window to experience the sight of her. Gilberts mother is not his only complication; he is having an aimless affair with a frustrated housewife, Betty Carver, whose rash sexual demands have placed much apprehension on him. Gilberts brother Arnie, who is mentally challenged, needs constant supervision, which places many ongoing responsibilities on Gilbert, as well. His oldest sister, Amy, is a very caring woman that tries to take on many responsibilities herself and the youngest sister Ellen, who is only fifteen, has many issues with her family that she is trying to ...

The Crimes of Margaret Allen

The Crimes of Margaret Allen On February 5, 2005, Wenda Wright was cleaning the home of Margaret Allen when Allens purse containing $2,000 turned up missing. Allen was furious about the missing money and accused Wright of stealing it. When Wright denied it and tried to leave, Allen struck her in the head, causing her to fall to the floor. Determined to get the housekeeper to confess, Wright asked her 17-year-old nephew Quinton Allen, to bind Wrights wrists and legs with a belt. Allen then beat and tortured Wright for over two hours with bleach, fingernail polish remover, rubbing alcohol and hair spritz, which she poured onto her face and down her throat. Begging for Her Life Barely able to breathe, Wright begged Allen to let her go. Her cries for help woke up one of Allens children who walked into the room and witnessed what was happening. Allen instructed the child to rip off a piece of duct tape that she tried to put over Wrights mouth, but because her face was so wet the tape did not stick. Allen then strangled Wright to death with a belt. Allen, her nephew, and Allens roommate, James Martin, buried Wrights body in a shallow grave off the highway. Later Quinton Allen went to the police and confessed to his part in the murder and led authorities to where they buried the body.​ Margaret Allen was arrested and charged with first-degree murder and kidnapping. Autopsy Report During Allens trial, forensic pathologist and chief medical examiner for  Brevard County, Florida, Dr. Sajid Qaiser, testified about the results of the autopsy performed on Wenda Wright. According to the report, Wright had multiple bruising on her face, the front, and back of her ear, her left torso, and all over her left side, trunk, right hand, thigh, knee,  left eyebrow, forehead, upper arm, and shoulder area.   Wright’s wrists and neck showed signs of ligation, which meant she was hung or something was tied tightly around those areas. Based on these discoveries, he concluded that Wright died as a result of homicidal violence. The jury found Allen guilty of first-degree murder and kidnapping.   Penalty Phase During the penalty phase of the trial, Dr. Michael Gebel, a neurological physician, testified that he had discovered that Allen suffered over the years from multiple head injuries. He said that she had significant intracranial injuries and was at the lower end of intellectual capacity. He went on to say that Allens organic brain injury likely destroyed her impulsive control and her ability to control her moods. Because of this, Dr. Gebel felt that Allen would be unable to see that her attack on Wright was a criminal act. Dr. Joseph Wu, a neuropsychiatry and brain imaging specialist, also testified that Allen was given a PET scan and that at least 10 traumatic brain injuries were found, including damage to the frontal lobe. A damaged frontal lobe affects impulse control, judgment, and mood  regulation. Due to this, he felt that Allen would not be able to follow the rules of society regarding conduct. Other witnesses, including family members, testified that Allen was subjected to a lot of abuse as a child and had a tough and violent life. Allen testified on her own behalf and recounted that she had suffered multiple head injuries from being beaten as a child. Victim Impact Testimony Wenda Wright’s domestic partner, Johnny  Dublin, testified that Wright was a good person and that Wright believed that she and Allen were good friends. Other family members gave impact statements regarding the impact Wrights murder had on the family. Despite the medical findings, the  jury recommended a sentence of death in a unanimous vote.  Circuit Judge George Maxwell followed the jurys recommendations and sentenced  Allen  to death for the murder of Wenda Wright. On July 11, 2013, the Supreme Court of Florida upheld the conviction and the death sentence. Co-Defendants Quinton Allen was found guilty of second-degree murder and received a 15-year sentence. James Martin was sentenced to 60 months in prison for his help in burying Wrights body.

Why U.S automobile company such as Ford had great lost in 2006 and how Essay

Why U.S automobile company such as Ford had great lost in 2006 and how it influences on the U.S auto market - Essay Example (Isidore) Plans to cut-off more jobs were also announced and more than half of its U.S. hourly workforce had already agreed to take one of its buy-out schemes in the next few months. For the first time, Ford Motors is mortgaging its total assets to finance all of this restructuring. It hopes to raise $18 billion from its factories, equipment, office buildings, patents and trademarks, and stakes in subsidiaries; an amount that exceeds the company's total market value of all its outstanding stock by more than $2 billion. This move has never been done before as Ford Motors' credit line has always been good and it can borrow money without mortgaging its assets (Bunkley) So what is really happening to Ford Motors and the U.S. automobile industry as a whole Why is it losing so much while its overseas counterparts like Toyota and Honda, are moving towards the opposite direction Declined Sales, Quality Issues, Marketing Strategy, Labor Cost Discrepancies, Productivity and Currency Exchange Rates are the principal factors. Declined Sales - Overseas Automobile makers share in the U.S. market had steadily grown through the years. Chart 1 shows how Japan and the European markets had slowly crept up in market share from the 70s to the present, a trend that had Toyota surpassed Ford Motors as being the second biggest seller of automobiles in the U.S. This loss in the market share however, is not experienced by Ford Motors alone but by practically all U.S. automobile manufacturers as well. Honda has exceeded Chrysler in sales and is almost catching up with Ford. On the other hand, General Motors has not had the lowest share in new car and light truck sales since the 1920s. (Train & Winston) The pickup trucks, though still considered as the nation's best selling vehicle, also experienced very low consumer demand in 2006. Ford Motors' F-series pickups, regarded as one of its main product lines had a major sales drop exceeding 100,000 units. (Isidore) This shows the magnitude of the dire state the U.S. car makers are facing. With surging oil prices in the world market, consumers are opting for the more fuel efficient smaller cars, vehicles that does not guzzle gasoline like light trucks do. With this preference shift, U.S. automakers, such as Ford Motors are left with many truck factories that can't afford to be operational but stay inactive. Adjusting to the changes, U.S. car makers are not only closing their truck factories but have re-focused towards the smaller "cross-over" type cars which are scaled down versions of SUV. While GM announced its plans to shift towards building more small vehicles in the Beijing auto show last year, Ford Motors also confirmed that it will cease its Freestar minivan production and redirect its focus on building more crossover vehicles (CBC) Quality Issue - Sales drop due to quality issues is totally another story. Of this year's "Top Picks" lists based on the annual Consumer report, all picks are vehicles made by Japanese automakers. It has been two years in a row that no American cars made it to the list. To merit a Consumer Reports' recommendation to the "Top Pick", the car must pass certain criteria like reliability, safety,

Why All the Management Needs to Have a Strong Strategic Preparation Research Paper

Why All the Management Needs to Have a Strong Strategic Preparation - Research Paper Example There is one constituent of an organisation’s risk management structure that includes every little aspect of a company that is Operational Risk Management. Operational risk is so important that it can demolish a business, via fiscal loss, or operating capacity or loss of repute. However, there are still some organisations where operational risk management is not taken as an important issue as it should be seen. (Kotter, 2007) The possibility of loss due to insufficient or unsuccessful internal practices, people and operations or because of exterior events is known as Operational risk. Operational risks also take in legal issues, nevertheless, they do not include strategic risk. Management of Operational risk is extremely crucial for a business. If there is no operational management, there is no surety that a business is being managed on a protected and principled basis. It is most significant for a company to manage Operational risk as both the first and last risk. (Hannagan, 2002, 18) Developing a detailed strategic plan may or may not be viable or even appropriate, depending on the size of the organisation, the size of the projects, and other factors. Nevertheless, a planning process ensures that: Each organisation needs to determine the extent to which it needs a formal strategic plan versus direct-to-implementation plans. Either way, the goal is to drive management in response to the corporate strategy, not have it be based on any "wow" factor or a perception that it will benefit the organisation. (Salisbury, 2008, 18) Business environment alters with time, hence management must acclimatize and modify incrementally too when periodic transformational change is compulsory. (Hebson, 209, 32) All strategy starts with the organisation's corporate strategic plan, which lays out the overall objectives for the organisation, including its business mix, growth goals, and risk tolerance.

British English Dialectology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

British English Dialectology - Essay Example Indeed, the precise condition of these variables has been a basis for debate for students. If the graduates were considered as forms of Caribbean Standard English, varying English tongues, or enunciations of British English linguistics could have been imposed among its variables. While one cannot take note of the fact that there are variations to be made between the numerous Caribbean varieties, the general imprint as stated by David Cystal, is one of a compilation of expressions close affiliated with framework and language (Pietsch, Kortmann & Wagner, 2005, p. 5). This is a perspective shared by Loreto Toddsince he clearly claims that there are inadequate collective-core facets to allow people to regard us to consider them as a logically standardized philological group. Several universal syntactic outlines have been seen in all the variables, even if variations in enunciation or presaging reduce the similarities less understandable. According to leading English dialects and scholars , there is adequacy in regularity between the creolized English of one part of the Caribbean and another for there to be a prospective Caribbean English for writers to make use of with influence, whatever listeners they are focusing on having a huge impact on. The following paper will look into the various variables that have come to define a characteristic of a particular diversity of English. The essay will be followed by an immediate survey of the literature done on British English linguistics, whether in enunciation, grammar or bilingual dictionary. A. Variables that define a characteristic of British English dialectology I. Geographical variation Demographical variation is additionally complex by the fact that every zonal will adjust in register in accordance with the environment of the language (Pietsch, Kortmann & Wagner, 2005, p. 12). It is currently generally believed that the linguistic condition in the Carribean could be best defined in terms of a variety with wide Creole , or the basilect at a single end and average English, or the Creole at the other. In between are to be discovered the language outlines or mesolects. The Barbadian writer George laming, composing a majority of these literary works concerning English writers’ who support the thesis that the language these works were composed in English, a West Indian language. Whilst African and Indian author composing in English define personalities whose beliefs would not on the whole be in English, West Indian authors do not have to confront a similar issue (Gorlach & Schneider, 1997, p. 140). Nevertheless, renowned literature composers claimed that that it is English that is not regulated, imported, learned English, but that of the submerged surrealist experience and sensibility that has consistently been present. It is currently increasingly coming to the surface and affecting the idea of short-term Caribbean people. Even so, if the word Caribbean implies to a broad range and diverse fie ld, the people have a joint experience and resembling worries when it comes to the issues of uniqueness and linguistics (Pietsch, Kortmann & Wagner, 2005, p.20). II. Social variables Such a range of variables can be affiliated with a detailed place or field instead, more astonishingly it also might be affiliated with a definite communal group. It could be male or female, youthful or aged are aspects that define the social variable of the

The History Of Reflection Theory

The History Of Reflection Theory In scientific terms reflection is seen as light, heat or sound striking a surface to give off a reflection. Reflection is also seen as philosophical understanding of how one can gain knowledge through experience and use different approaches to the same scenario (Johns and Freshwater 2009 and Chambers et al 2012). The novel idea of reflection rose from a theorist John Dewey (1859-1952); his proposed view on reflection is described as persistent, active thinking and taking into consideration the supporting evidence that forms knowledge to the given situation. This theorist suggests that the person uses their mind and emotions to facilitate reflection (Bulman and Schutz 2008). This suggests that Dewey describes reflective individuals has being open-minded, responsible and wholehearted (Vachon and Leblanc 2011). Deweys perception of reflection was a platform for many authors to elaborate on in terms of understanding reflective practice. Johns and Freshwater (2005) propose that health professionals should find the meaning of reflection through description rather than definition because to define reflection is to suggest the author has authority over its meaning. This in turn allows reflections models and frameworks to be used intuitively giving a more holistic approach, it can be subjective and purpose driven (Johns and Freshwater 2005). Mann et al (2007) describes Schons (1983) view that reflection can happen in two ways: reflecting upon activities whilst they are happening called reflection in action (present reflection) and reflecting upon activities once they have happened (reflecting on the past). Rolfe et al assert that reflection is the engine that facilitates superficial learning into finding a deeper understanding that enables the practitioner to transform what is known to knowledge in action. Reflection Model and frameworks The reflection framework developed by Schon and Argyris (1992) involves three elements: (1) knowing-in-action (2) reflection-in-action and (3) reflection-on-practice (Ghaye and Lillyman 2010). Ghaye and Lillyman (2010) have extrapolated Schons work to include knowing-in-action; they propose that practitioners customise and tailor their own knowledge or theories to the situation presented. Knowing in action is described further by Carper (1978) who identifies five approaches to knowing in action; empirical, personal, ethical and aesthetic knowing ( Newton and McKenna 2009). Reflection-in-action by Schon and Argyris (1992) has been adapted from Schon (1983) it is to do with reflecting in the moment without disturbing care. It involves thinking on your feet Ghaye and Lillyman (2010) propose that whilst this may be a complex process it is by far the most effective when clarifying that needs of patients are being met. It is the way in which practitioners compose themselves to handle and resolve difficult situations when being faced with them (Schon 1992). This could entail thinking of what needs to be said to patients whilst talking to them already. Gustafsson and Fagerberg (2004) state that Schon (1983) believes reflection-in-action allows nurses to display a combined range of skills abstract knowledge and clinical experience. This type of reflection is difficult to master as is challenge our knowing-in-action and is used by professional practitioners that have acquired technical skills over a number of years Rolfe et al (2011) and Ghaye and Lillyman (201 0). Mann et al (2007) state that professional practitioners are able to reflect-in-action because they have the knowledge to do interpretive orientation monitoring, assessing and changing patient care on a continual basis. Mann et al (2007) also state that student nurses are limited to reflection in action because their experiences are not authentic and the role is supervised throughout thus students actions are questioned and changed if necessary to suit patient care. This is why critical reflection is important learning tool for students and can be facilitated by mentors, clinical supervisors. Schon (1992) reflection-on-action is reflecting back on events taken place. The reflector can examine and analyse the events step by step either within self, discussion with another practitioner or within groups (Ghaye and Lillyman 2010). Greenwood (1998) take on reflection on action as cognitive post-mortem this is where the practitioner goes back to review actions that were made during the events. Greenwood (1998) argues that reflection before action is not deemed important for this type of reflection and to be unable to reflect before action is considered erroneous as patient care and outcomes become influenced by these factors. It is already known that Dewey was the first advocate of learning by reflection, Rolfe et al (2011) summarise Deweys (1938) model of reflective learning as experiencing through observing and reflecting on current or past events which leads to gaining new or enhancing knowledge. In modern healthcare however Gibbs (1988) model of reflection see appendix 1 is widely used which is an adaptation of Deweys (1938) original model. Gibbs (1988) model asks the practitioner to paint a picture of the event describe what happened and attach emotions and thoughts to the event. Gibbs then prompts the practitioner to weight what was good or bad about the experience. The third aspect of the model is technical this part asks the practitioner to analyse the situation in the hope to uncover either new findings or confirm the current situation. The fourth aspect is about understanding and finding out what else could the practitioner have done to change the previous outcome of the situation being started and lastly the practitioner is prompted to write an action plan in case the same or similar scenario can take it our (McKinnon 2004). Although Gibbs model appears cyclical it is not clear as to how the action plan which concludes the reflection process is linked back to description (Rolfe et al 2011). Gibbs model of reflection give the practitioner simple and general cue questions which allows the practitioner room to expand their thoughts on also it the most widely used reflection model for student nurses (Bulman and Schutz 2009) in contrast Rolfe et al 2011 state that Gibbs model has a generic and unspecific feel therefore some reflective practitioners find Gibbs model to vague. Holms and Stephenson (1994 see also Rolfe et al 2011) see appendix 2 shared similar assertions to Gibbs model and therefore they proposed another reflection framework consisting of better designed cue questions. Stephenson framework is aimed towards more on action rather than theorising outcomes. Rolfe et al (2011) suggest that Stephenson and Holms framework mirrors Deweys initial interpretation of learning by thinking. However neither Gibbs model or Stephenson framework encompass a clear guideline to how knowledge can be linked to practice apart from asking the practitioners to think about what they would if they encountered a similar situation again. The framework set out by Johns (2004) is an adaptation of many frameworks and models by many authors (Johns and Freshwater 2005). John and Freshwater (2005) encompassed not only the different aspects of reflection such in-action and on-action but also mindful practice. Benner et al (1996) explains that mindful practice is seen as clinical judgement which is practitioners possessing the ability to see what is happening as it happening in a clinical environment that allows the practitioner to engage ethically with the situation. Johns (1995) framework also included reflexivity which asks the practitioner to revisit the situation and asks interpersonal questions that allow the practitioner to link previous experiences to the current situation. Johns and Freshwater (2005) see appendix 3 have managed to articulate a model of reflection which is structured and concise this model also impacts clinical supervision and can be used for mentoring purposes. Taylor (2006) see appendix 4 illustrates its model of reflection by using the words REFLECT as mnemonic device where each letter is represents a process of how reflection can take place. Tacit knowledge is displayed in this type of reflection, it is knowledge that practitioners are unaware of possessing and only comes to light when reflecting about the decisions they have made either during or after the event Schon (1987). There is a sense of liberation attached to Taylors reflection as it also caused the practitioner to be accepting of news ideas and not to be confined to constraints Taylor (2006) uses a critical friend to encourage reflection. Taylor (2006) understands that changes in awareness is a sure possibility because new insights can arise through reflection this occurs by linking emotions and feelings furthermore it requests the practitioner to ask themselves what have they learnt from their experience. Taylor model of reflection is laid out in manner that demands structure d critical reflection and requires a facilitator or critical friend to see the process through this could be a disadvantage because it can be a demanding procedure, not very empowering to challenge top ranking staff and a facilitator may not be available (Rolfe et al 2011). Kolb (1984) see appendix 5 see also Rolfe et al (2011) model of reflection is directed towards experimental learning, Kolb model is set out such that it asks the practitioner to look beyond describing and observing past events but also to theorise on the reflective events to determine if new approaches can be addressed or implemented. Kolbs classic model of experimental learning consists of four components; experience, observation/reflection, generalization and conceptualisation and active experimentation (Stonehouse 2011). When compared to Gibbs model this model is truly cyclical and reflexive because Kolb sets out to generate a hypothesis to test the clinical setting hence the practitioner is allowed to renew reflecting on the newly modified experience (Rolfe et al 2011). Reflective Practice Reflective practice is seen has using reflective techniques to improve, maintain changes in clinical procedures and influence guidelines to encourage greater safety of patients in all areas of health organisations (Bulman and Schutz 2008). Duffy (2007) states reflective practice must clearly be demonstrated by the practitioner for personal and professional development in nursing and other allied health professions. Price (2004) states that nursing practices can be transformed by facilitating insight and reason by practitioners, Price (2004) also understands that workforces may also be doubtful of the wisdom behind changes to particular strategies for example changes to multidisciplinary team meetings held usually midweek could be changed to a day closer to the weekend and therefore the workforce may be doubtful of referrals being received on time to their relevant partners. Burns and Bulman (2000) and Johns (2000) assert that reflective practice whilst it is patient centred all addresses the untidiness and confusion of the clinical environment. Benner et al (1996) adds functioning of the practice environment is not as clear cut as a science textbook. Johns (2005) states that learning though reflection leads to enlightenment finding out who we are, empowerment having courage to redefine who we are and emancipation given freedom to make changes to achieve desirable effects. It is the role of clinical supervisors, preceptors and mentors to encourage and implement reflection and critical thinking within their practice environment (Price 2004). Reed (2008) state that mentors are able to support less experienced or new employees by sharing their experience with them and providing a higher level of knowledge and understanding of different work practices. Duffy (2007) uses Williams (2001) to suggest problem based learning provides stimulus for student nurses to develop their critical reflection skills. Continuing Professional Development Health care organisations in the United Kingdom have undergone and still continue to undergo changes to how it is regulated (Rolfe et al 2011). The emphasis is largely associated with increasing patient safety and risk reduction (Rolfe et al 2011, Mantzoukas 2008). Evidence-based studies have taught the NHS and regulatory bodies how to change practices and procedures to create better outcomes for patients, they have also encompassed further development for staff to promote a better use of resources through clinical professional development (CPD) (Bulman and Schutz 2009). The Healthcare Professionals Council (2012) and The Nursing Midwifery Council (2006) state that nurses and midwives must provide evidence and maintain competency levels to remain in employment as nurses and midwives every three years after registering. The NMC does not determine the nature or types of continuing professional development programs to undertake, it is the responsibility of the practitioner and organisation to do this (Gould et al 2006, Munro 2008). Munro (2008) claims self regulation is vital to professional development and is achieved by maintaining a portfolio constructed of professional and personal achievements and certificates of attendance to mandatory competency trainings. Leblanc and Vachon (2011) agree that continuing education programmes such as diabetic training, pressure sore management training and infection control training as well as MSc postgraduate courses such as tissue viability or nursing prescribing courses add to a professional competency portfolio . Critical Incident Analysis Reflective practice is deployed when undertaking critical incident analysis (CIA). Critical incidents can be either a surprise event (ref) or series of events that could trigger reflection (Hanning 2001). The analysis process enables the practitioner to pause and contemplate on the situation and to establish meaning to the situation. Critical thinking can be viewed as either negative or positive experiences (Price 2004) and therefore some practitioners have exhibited discomfort associated with critical incident analysis because the process can challenge what they thought they knew as best practice can have undesirable effects and evoke anger, grief, frustration and sadness (Rich and Parker 1995 see also Vachon and LeBlanc 2011). Critical incident events could be viewed as drug errors, nosocomial cross-infection or helping a patient achieve a comfortable, dignified death, closing of wards. However not all incidents have to be as grave as these. CIA can also be viewed as a significant incident where it does not pose immediate threat, however it causes the practitioner to reflect upon the situation in systematic manner (Ghaye and Lillyman 2010). Communication skills Non-verbal and verbal skills are used to demonstrate communication which is the sending and received of messages (McCabe 2004). In nursing communication is not only about transmitting information, nurse-patient relationship involves in the transmitting feelings and nurses need to be able to display the appropriate behaviour or manner to demonstrate that their feelings have been recognised (Sheppard 1993 cited in McCabe 2004). Attending behaviour is described by Stein-Parbury (2009) as being ready to listen, maintain good positioning, open body language, eye contact and facial expression these are all are signs of an outward physical manifestation which when a nurse displays is demonstrative of their genuine interest to know and understand their patient. Department of Health (2000) states that good communication between health providers and patients is essential for establishing high quality care. The most important attribute deemed by patients practitioner should have is the willingn ess to listen to and explain patients concerns (Moore 2009). According to the NMC (2010) the role of nurses is to use their clinical judgment in the provision of care which would enable patients to improve, maintain or recover their health, to cope with health problems, and to achieve the best possible quality of life, whatever their disease or disability, until death. This is where reflection and critical incident plays a role in good communication and evolving our interpersonal skills. Discussing a patients condition and advising them on the therapy available ot giving medication are example of reflection-in-action. Reflection in action causes the practitioner to slow down and think of how to approach the patient, they may assess the situation and decided to leave out medical jargon, and use simplified speech, (Kraszewski and McEwen 2010). There are no specific models to use for these examples it is more about how the practitioner relates to the patient to convey their message is important. An example of reflection-on-action that enables practitioners to reflect on their communication skills is breaking-bad news. Bad-news has a variety of meanings attached to it ultimately it may leave the patient with fewer life choices (DHSSPS 2003). Guidelines are available to facilitate breaking of bad news. Guidelines are set out to help the practitioner conduct themselves in an empathetic manner it enables them to ensure the privacy and dignity of the patient have been maintained (DoH 2003). Unable to convey the message appropriately to patients and their families it leaves an indelible mark on the nurse-patient relationship (DHSSPS 2003). Breaking bad news is exhausting, emotionally draining and difficult task for practitioners (OLeary 2010). Because of this it is best for staff to able to reflect upon the situation soon after the event with clinical supervisors, mentor or education facilitators (DHSSPS 2003). Conclusion From this study it can be confirmed that reflection has been widely sourced since John Deweys initial introduction. The models and frameworks of reflection all ask the practitioner to paint the picture of what happened in the clinical setting and asks the practitioner cue questions to make them relate their feeling and emotions experienced during, or after reflecting. Reflective models that end with action plans do not appear truly cyclical and models that form new hypothesis and allow experimentation to test the hypotheses are reflexive and cyclical. Some of the frameworks ask the practitioner to challenge social conflict within their organisations. Becoming proficient in reflection helps practitioners nurse gain a greater edge for understanding patient care they can use this asset to becoming mentors and clinical supervisors. Reflective practice can be challenging and some may find it difficult if all we do is analyse what went wrong this is why it is also important to reflect on what was good in practice. Nurses need to provide evidence of continuing professional development they need to be able to withstand rigours checks to make sure the sustain their registration by the NMC using reflective practice within their clinical environment sets them up for achieving this. Reflective practice using either critical incident analysis or emancipatory reflection aids in learning about communication. Reflective practice can open doors to gaining new knowledge and does not only identify problems encountered but helps nurses to share good experiences. It can positively affect job satisfaction and achievement. Reflection does not have to be a lengthy or exhaustive process allowing room for student nurses or allied health to attempt reflection whilst studying as it this reflective experience that would enrich their knowledge of personal knowing and helps them to link this with patient care. There are different strategies students and practitioner can use to facilitate reflective practice these include keeping journal log, seeking feedback from mentors and clinical supervisors, having a critical friend, making anecdotal notes having group discussion. Attending MDT meetings and going on ward rounds may also facilitate reflection as the patients are discussed at length from when they first came to the health setting and to what has happened to them since.

interview :: essays research papers

Tuesdays With Morrie For the past day or two I have spent time with my sister, discussing different topics with her about life. I closely observed her feelings and I recorded what she had to say. We talked about regrets- Ever since my sister Erin started school she got excellent grades. She doesn’t really have any regrets. She only regrets some choices she made with her friends. She thinks she could have picked better friends because she doesn’t have any true friends. She also wished that she stayed with the sports she played in the past. She was good at softball and she was alright at street hockey. She thinks that if she still played softball that she would probably be playing for Mainland. Other then that she doesn’t have any more regrets that she wishes to share. We talked about death- "Death is a horrible time in a young persons’ life, but once you get older you realize that there is no stopping it." Erin tries not to think about death that much because she knows when it’s time it’s time. "Losing a person you love one of the worst things that can happen to you, but as long as you keep him/her in your heart there is nothing to be scared of. Death is a big topic on the news now a days. Whenever I turn on the News I always happen to catch a broadcast about someone who has killed another person. That is all Erin had to say. We talked about family- "I love my family, especially my brother, and I’ll do anything for them. I may not have the biggest and the best family but we all usually get along. Sometimes I fight with my parents but they know that I love them a lot. I also fight with my brother but he is cool, sometimes. Without love for your family you are nothing. You should always have faith for your family and friends. If I had another family then the one I have now I would be very upset." We talked about the fear of aging- Erin is not afraid of aging. Soon she will be driving. Erin is almost 17. She is older and wiser then me so she knows what it is like to be "old". " I am going to be old one day, but I hope it isn’t soon.

And the Fraud Continues

1. ) Discuss the Internal control weaknesses that existed at MCI that contributed to the commission of this fraud: MCI biggest internal control weaknesses at was Pavlo. Pavlo was able to manipulate MCI account receivable system which he helped to create and develop. When the same employee is able to receive and update payments, the chance of manipulation and embezzlement of funds is very high. By one person being able to record accounts receivable, or even reconcile the company's bank account, he/she may be able to embezzle money from the company. This is what happens to MCI with Pavlo, through the following: a. By writing off a companies account receivables and converting them into notes receivable, Asset are created on the balance sheet. When customers are unable or may not pay their debts, companies may be able to write-off bad debts on their income tax returns. Companies’ accounts receivable can present a problem when only a few employees are available to manage company fi nances. By allowing the same employee to receive payments, update accounts receivable records, and reconcile the company's bank account, he/she may be able to embezzle money from the company. b. Unapplied cash was used for the bad debt and slow payments. By allocations of delinquent or bad receivables, made the expenses related to the write off of the receivables will not be entered on the income statement. c. Credit Holds was used. MCI called customers in regards to their past due account receivables. MCI were told by the customer that they were sending a payment immediately, MCI credited their receivables before receiving the cash. By Pavlo’s manipulating the account receivable it helped him delayed the inevitable. The recognition of bad debt and uncollected receivables that have to be expensed on the income statement. . Identify and justify the approach you would take if you suspected fraudulent activity within an organization where you work: Should I suspect fraudulent activity within an organization. I would investigate the suspected activity and reporting the suspected activity to the correct personnel. The Internal Auditor’s Office should coordinate investigations of fraud, waste, or abuse. Employees shall not de stroy any document or record of any kind that may be relevant to a past, present, or future investigation of fraud, waste, or abuse. The application of professional skepticism is essential any audit investigation. Professional skepticism in auditing implies an attitude that includes a questioning mind and a critical assessment of audit evidence without being obsessively suspicious or skeptical. Don’t make matters worse by getting into legal liability by the way you handle the matter. Do not speak to anyone about the person that's suspected of committing the fraud before reporting it to management. By speaking to someone other than management you could be sued for slander. Consult an attorney who specializes in employment-related matters. When an employee has knowledge of fraud, waste, or abuse has good reason to suspect that such conduct has occurred should adhere to the procedures in the Organization’s Policy. When suspected fraudulent activity, waste, or abuse is observed by, or made known to an employee. The employee should immediately report the activity to his/her direct supervisor. If an employee believes that their supervisor are involved in the activity, he/she should immediately report the activity to the supervisor’s manager as well as the CFO and CEO. If an employee believes that the supervisor’s, management and/or the CEO may be involved with the activity, the employee should either contact the Internal Auditor directly or file a report via the Fraud, Waste, and Abuse Referral System also known as the Fraud, Waste, and Abuse Hotline, (McMullen, A. (2012). When an employee is suspected of any activity, he or she should not make any attempt to investigate the suspected activity prior to reporting it. The Internal Auditor’s Office will coordinate investigations of fraud, waste, or abuse. The employee should not destroy any document or record that he or she knows may be relevant to a past, present, or future investigation of fraud, waste or abuse. Employees that suspect violation or who have questions, complaints or suggestions, should share their concerns with someone who can address them properly. Thus, it's a myth that fraud is a big scheme that should be uncovered sooner and easy to detect. Most all fraud starts small and then gets bigger and bigger, until something becomes noticeably different or unusual. Once fraudulent activity has been noted, someone should take action to investigate the situation and determine if a fraud has been committed. Being aware of these activity are only step one and is usually not enough for the organization. Once these activity are identified, you must take action to determine its effect. Evaluating the fraudulent activity may be accomplished by financial analysis, observation or by any other technique that tests an apparent weakness. Once the analysis is complete it’s time to move on to correct the situation (Wells, 2012). . Critique the ethical nature of Pavlo’s actions in this case: Walt Pavlo, the Credit Collections Manager at MCI Telecommunications, Inc. Falsified MCI accounts receivables and stole $6 million from MCI, spoke of greed, opportunity, and culture. His testimony and facts, however, provides a far different view. This was a willful, active fraud involving a very small group of customers, executed by a very small group of peo ple. As a Fraudsters and white-collar, he acted deliberately, out of greed, power and perhaps even stupidity and ultimately got caught. These perpetrators exhibited many typical fraud behaviors. White-collar criminal that involves embezzlement and breach of trust being the prevalent modes involved. Pavlo had to collect on debts owed to MCI by large corporate clients. Pavlo's job was not easy. MCI extended large amount of credit to high-risk customers and refused to write-off receivables as bad debt. By doing this, MCI was in violation of accounting principles. Pavol was desperate to keep his job, he began to employ suspect accounting techniques to hide the unpaid debt. By falsification of accounting record in contravention of Pavlo, also found a way to siphon off $6 million for personal aggrandizement (Pavlo Jr. and Weinberg, 121). Pavlo claim of trying unsuccessfully to get MCI to take a $180 million charge blatantly conflicts with the facts. In a 2002 article, Pavlo had claimed the number was $88 million. Either inflation has increased his number or he didn’t review his earlier stories! Pavlo’s actions was illegal which would be characterized by deceit, concealment, or violation of trust. Which are not dependent upon the application or threat of force or violence. Pavlo action was a self-centered and motivated by his own greed, without regard for ethics or fiduciary duty to co-workers, and stakeholder (Pavlo Jr. and Weinberg 121). When it comes to Walter Pavlo Jr. and the choices he made. The phrase â€Å"power tends to corrupt and absolute power corrupts absolutely† is false. Having power alone does not have the ability to corrupt, but it does provides one of the three elements necessary for a person to commit a fraudulent act. Trusted persons sometimes become trust violators. When they conceive themselves as having a financial problem which is non-sharable, are aware these problem can be secretly resolved by violation of the position of financial trust and are able to apply to their own conduct which enable them to adjust their conceptions of themselves as trusted (Coenen 2009). Regardless of what moral code may be in place. Corruption occurs when a person breaks the moral code or principle that pertains to him or her. Which is what Pavlo did. According to the fraud triangle, in every instance of fraud three elements are present: motivation, opportunity, and rationalization (Coenen 2009). This theory was developed to help identify possible fraud, a name given to corruption within a business, it also applies to corruption in general. In order for corruption to happen, an individual or group of individuals, must have motivation, opportunity, and significant rationale to justify committing a fraudulent act. Because three elements must harmoniously combine to create an environment in which one may act corruptly, only one of the three elements needs thwarting to break the triangle and prevent corruption (Wells, 2012). All element of the fraud triangle must be present to break a moral code. The first element necessary where corruption may occur is motivation. Motivation can include a financial need, such as the need to take care of an ill parent who is quickly accumulating medical expenses far beyond what his or her family can pay. But motivation to commit a corrupt act can include perceived need also. When a person may be earning enough money to cover all of his or her needs, but he or she may feel driven to commit a corrupt act by a strong desire for a higher standard of living than he or she can not afford. A person may also come motivated by non-financial pressure to commit a corrupt act. A person can also be motivated by non-financial pressure to commit a corrupt act (Pavlo Jr. and Weinberg 121). The second element which must be in place to commit a corrupt act is rationalization. Humans have the complex ability to think deductively, inductively, and process large amounts of information to make rational decisions. Unfortunately, one’s ability to â€Å"employ reason† (rationalize) may or may not lead him or her down the right path. Pavlo’s story provides an excellent example of poor reasoning. Pavlo rationalized stealing from MCI by telling himself that MCI was committing much more heinous crimes than he was. He believed that MCI was so crooked that it could not come after him for doing the much lesser crime of stealing a few accounts receivables (Pavlo Jr. and Weinberg 257). Pavlo’s opportunity to pilfer accounts receivables was granted to him by MCI’s poor control environment. Pavlo often engaged the accounts receivable department in a practice known as accounts receivable lapping, posting payments received from one customer to another’s account to make overdue accounts appear current, in order to meet corporate bad debt expense goals (Pavlo Jr. and Weinberg 101). MCI’s management encouraged and rewarded Pavlo for accounts receivable lapping and many other inventive and extremely illegal acts that helped MCI reach its projected financial numbers. MCI’s flagrant desire to illegally hide its bad debt gave Pavlo the opportunity to conceal the accounts receivable he was thieving within the constant myriad of lies that constituted MCI’s financial department (Wells, 2012). He was involved in asset Misappropriation: Asset misappropriation schemes are frauds in which the perpetrator steals or misuses an organization’s resources. Common examples of asset misappropriation include false invoicing, payroll fraud, and skimming (Kranacher, Riley, and Wells, 2010). Corruption: In the context of occupational fraud, corruption refers to schemes in which fraudsters use their influence in business transactions in a way that violates their duty to their employers in order to obtain a benefit for themselves or someone else. For example, employees might receive or offer bribes, extort funds from third parties, or engage in conflicts of interest. Financial Statement Fraud: The third category of occupational fraud, financial statement fraud, involves the intentional misstatement or omission of material information from the organization’s financial reports; these are the cases of â€Å"cooking the books† that often make front page headlines. Financial statement fraud cases often involve the reporting of fictitious revenues or the concealment of expenses or liabilities in order to make an organization appear more profitable than it really is (Kranacher, Riley and Wells, 2010). It is fact that during 1996, MCI wrote off $120 million of carrier receivables and recognized even more exposure by adding to bad debt reserves. So, his claim that MCI â€Å"hid† bad debt expense is just bogus. He further claims â€Å"his bosses† said the maximum that could be written down would be $15 million, and that is also senseless (Pavlo Jr. and Weinberg 257). 4. Apply one (1) theory related to crime causation to this case: No one theory of crime explains all criminal activity and most theories are complementary to one another. You should approach crime causation with a multidimensional view because of the vast complexities involved in human actions and interactions. With that in mind, let’s take a look at one of the prominent theories that appears to relate to Pavlo’s fraud case. Social engineering/Social learning theory causation: They learn to engage in crime, primarily through their association with others. They are reinforced for crime, they learn beliefs that are favorable to crime, and they are exposed to criminal models. As a consequence, they come to view crime as something that is desirable or at least justifiable in certain situations. The primary version of social learning theory in criminology is that of Ronald Akers and the[pic] description that follows draws heavily on his work. Akers's theory, in turn, represents an elaboration of Edwin Sutherland's differential association theory. The Sociological school of crime causation defines that social disorganization is a major factor in criminal behaviors. Specifically the Sociological Theories theorize that the impact of individuals with the surroundings, groups, and social environment can dictate criminal behavior. Under this school of crime causation crime can be the growth of subgroup relationships (McMullen, 2012). According to Weinberg’s research, white-collar criminals are not just ordinary people; they are smart, well-educated and ambitious. They often start as wide-eye fresh graduate’s at large corporations of which profit-driven culture infiltrates all levels within. Why do they turn out to be the thieves stealing from the economy $2. trillion per year? Weinberg argues that these people like Pavlo, do not just wake up one day and decide to commit in a greed-inspired fraud. In fact, only 7% of perpetrators have prior conviction. They operate business under the performance pressure from investors, and stockholders, which present opportunities for companies to hide flaws and falsify earnings at multiple levels. Wei nberg presents a triangle of Need/Incentives, Opportunity, and Rationalization as a combined force triggering ordinary people to commit extraordinary crimes. In his book, he suggests that by pushing ethics education at school and setting the right tone at the top, we can reduce the damages caused by corporate frauds (Kranacher, Riley, and Wells, 2010). The connection between fraud and the â€Å"tone at the top† of an organization has received international attention over the last few years. Tone at the top refers to the ethical atmosphere that is created in the workplace by the organization's leadership. Whatever tone management sets will have a trickle-down effect on employees of the company. If the tone set by managers upholds ethics and integrity, employees will be more inclined to uphold those same values. However, if upper management appears unconcerned with ethics and focuses solely on the bottom line, employees will be more prone to commit fraud because they feel that ethical conduct is not a focus or priority within the organization. Employees pay close attention to the behavior and actions of their bosses, and they follow their lead. In short, employees will do what they witness their bosses doing (McMullen, 2012).